IPv4 (RFC 791 / 950 / 3927)7 min read

Worked Example: Checking a Substation IP Address Register Before Configuration

A 16-device register for station bus, process bus, switch management and SCADA DMZ is checked before it is issued. Seven errors and three warnings are found in seconds — each with its line number.

Scenario

Station bus, VLAN 110.13.0.0/25, gateway 10.13.0.1 — gateway, HMI, GPS clock, protection IEDs, bay controllers
Process bus, VLAN 2010.13.0.128/26 — two merging units
Switch management, VLAN 9910.13.0.192/27, gateway 10.13.0.193 — two switches, engineering PC
SCADA DMZ, VLAN 3010.13.1.0/28, gateway 10.13.1.1 — gateway's second port
InputTable copied from Excel (the built-in sample register)

Step-by-step calculation

Step 1: Duplicate IP address (line 5 and 7)

P132_Q01 and P87T_T1 are both 10.13.0.14 — the transformer protection line was copied from the feeder line and the address not changed.

Step 2: Wrong mask (line 8)

BCU_J01 uses 255.255.255.0 while the rest of VLAN 1 uses /25. Its subnet 10.13.0.0/24 overlaps every other 10.13.0.x subnet in the register.

Step 3: Gateway outside the subnet (line 9)

BCU_J02 has gateway 10.13.1.1, which is in the DMZ subnet, not in 10.13.0.0/25. The device can never reach it.

Step 4: Broadcast address used (line 10)

broadcast = network OR NOT mask
10.13.0.0 OR 0.0.0.127 = 10.13.0.127
IP-NETBC — error. BCU_J03 cannot use 10.13.0.127; the last usable address is 10.13.0.126.

Step 5: Duplicate MAC address (lines 11 and 12)

MU_Q01 and MU_T1 share 00-21-C1-11-00-0A. A real MAC is unique per device, so this is a copying error in the register — but if it were real, the switch would flip the address between two ports.

Step 6: Mask mix on the management VLAN (line 15)

ENG-PC uses /26 while the switches use /27. Its subnet 10.13.0.192/26 overlaps 10.13.0.192/27.

Step 7: Link-local address (line 17)

LAPTOP is entered with 169.254.10.5 — copied from a laptop that was set to DHCP and had no DHCP server.

Result summary

CheckRequirementActualStatus
Duplicate IP / MACNone1 IP, 1 MAC✗ FAIL
Unusable addressesNoneBroadcast 10.13.0.127, link-local 169.254.10.5✗ FAIL
Gateways inside own subnetAllBCU_J02 outside✗ FAIL
One mask per VLAN, no overlapsYes2 overlaps, 2 mask mixes✗ FAIL
Totals0 errors7 errors, 3 warnings, 2 notes✗ FAIL
The register has 7 errors and 3 warnings. After the seven corrections above (new address for P87T_T1 and BCU_J03, /25 mask for BCU_J01, gateway 10.13.0.1 for BCU_J02, correct MAC for MU_T1, /27 for ENG-PC, static address for LAPTOP) it can be issued for configuration.

Key insight: Most register errors are copied lines. Duplicate checks on IP, MAC and name catch them before they reach site.

Try it with your own numbers

Every input in this example is editable in the live calculator — no signup needed.

Open IP Address Register Consistency Checker calculator →

Frequently asked questions

Why are there two 'info' notes?

VLAN 1 and VLAN 99 each carry more than one subnet because of the wrong masks. They disappear once the masks are corrected.

Can I check a register with the mask in the IP column?

Yes — write addresses as 10.13.0.14/25 and leave out the mask column.

More in IEC 61850 & Substation Automation

← Back to all worked examples