IEEE 80-201311 min read

Substation Earthing Grid: Getting Touch Voltage Within IEEE 80 Limits by Closing the Mesh

Part 3 of the earthing series. A 50 m × 40 m grid with 10 m meshes gives a touch voltage of 1,365 V against a 932 V limit. Halving the mesh spacing brings it to 822 V.

Scenario

SoilUniform, ρ = 200 Ω·m
Grid50 m × 40 m, buried 0.6 m, conductor diameter 12.6 mm, 20 rods of 3 m
FaultEarth fault 5 kA, split factor Sf = 0.6, Df = 1 → grid current IG = 3 kA
Clearing time0.5 s, 70 kg body weight
Surface100 mm crushed rock, 3,000 Ω·m (wet)

Step-by-step calculation

Step 1: Tolerable touch voltage

Cs = 1 − 0.09(1 − ρ/ρs)/(2hs + 0.09); E touch = (1000 + 1.5 Cs ρs) × 0.157/√ts
Cs = 1 − 0.09 × (1 − 200/3000)/0.29 = 0.710; E touch = (1000 + 1.5 × 0.710 × 3000) × 0.157/√0.5
E touch = 932 V

Step 2: Grid resistance and GPR (10 m mesh: 6 × 5 conductors)

Step 3: Mesh voltage, 10 m spacing

Em = ρ × IG × Km × Ki / LM
n = 5.46, Km = 0.918, Ki = 1.452, LM = 586 m; Em = 200 × 3000 × 0.918 × 1.452 / 586
Em = 1,365 V > 932 V — fails

Step 4: Mesh voltage, 5 m spacing (11 × 9 conductors)

Step 5: Step voltage

Result summary

CheckRequirementActualStatus
Touch, 10 m meshEm ≤ 932 V1,365 V✗ FAIL
Touch, 5 m meshEm ≤ 932 V822 V✓ PASS
Step, 5 m meshEs ≤ 3,061 V680 V✓ PASS
With 10 m meshes the touch voltage is 1,365 V and fails; with 5 m meshes it falls to 822 V, within the 932 V limit. The grid resistance hardly changes (2.31 → 2.15 Ω) — the improvement comes from the closer mesh.

Key insight: Touch voltage is controlled by conductor spacing, not by grid resistance. A grid can have a low resistance and still be unsafe.

Try it with your own numbers

Every input in this example is editable in the live calculator — no signup needed.

Open Earthing Grid Design (IEEE 80) calculator →

Frequently asked questions

Where is the touch voltage worst?

In the corner meshes of the grid. That is why IEEE 80's Em is the mesh voltage at the centre of a corner mesh, and why extra rods and closer spacing at the perimeter help.

What if the GPR is below the tolerable touch voltage?

Then no person can be exposed to more than the GPR and the design is safe for touch and step without further checks (transferred voltages still need attention).

More in Earthing, Lightning & Static Safety

← Back to all worked examples